ä¸ä¸æµè¯HOT
3W+人已æµ
å ¬å¼è¯¾NEW
54149人æ¥
è®ç»è¥
1957人åå
é课ä¸å¿
17756人é课
ä½ææ¹æ¹
26201人åå
å¤èè§å
16754人åå
èµæä¸è½½
1355å¥
å£è¯æ¨¡è
25489人åå
é«åç»éª
11953å¸
ããæ°ä¸æ¹å¨çº¿é æç½ç¹ä¸ºå¤§å®¶åå¤äºé æé è¯»å ¨çæ¨¡æé¢ï¼ç»æµè¿å论ãé ææ¨¡æè¯é¢å¨é æå¤èè¿ç¨ä¸æèµ·çä½ç¨ä¸å¯å°è§ï¼éè¿æ¨¡æç»ä¹ é¢ï¼æä»¬å¯ä»¥å¾ç´æ¥å°äºè§£å°èªå·±çå¤èç¶åµï¼ä»èå¯ä»¥æ´æé对æ§å°è¿è¡ä¹åçå¤ä¹ ã叿以ä¸å 容è½å¤å¯¹å¤§å®¶çé æå¤èææå¸®å©!æ´å¤é ææ¥åå®ç½çææ°æ¶æ¯ï¼ææ°ãæä¸ä¸çé æå¤èèµæï¼æ°ä¸æ¹å¨çº¿é æç½å°ç¬¬ä¸æ¶é´ä¸ºå¤§å®¶åå¸ã
ããEconomic Evolution
ããA Living along the Orinoco River that borders Brazil and Venezuela are the Yanomam people, hunter-gatherers whose average annual income has been estimated at the equivalent of $90 per person per year. Living along the Hudson River that borders New York State and New Jersey are the Manhattan people, consumer traders whose average annual income has been estimated at $36,000 per person per year. That dramatic difference of 400 times, however, pales in comparison to the differences in Stock Keeping Units (SKUs, a measure of the number of types of retail products available), which has been estimated at 300 for the Yanomam and 10 billion for the Manhattans, a difference of 33 million times.
ããB How did this happen? According to economist Eric D. Beinhocker, who published these calculations in his revelatory work The Origin of Wealth (Harvard Business School Press, 2006), the explanation is to be found in complexity theory. Evolution and economics are not just analogous to each other, but they are actually two forms of a larger phenomenon called complex adaptive systems, in which individual elements, parts or agents interact, then process information and adapt their behavior to changing conditions. Immune systems, ecosystems, language, the law and the Internet are all examples of complex adaptive systems.
ããC In biological evolution, nature selects from the variation produced by random genetic mutations and the mixing of parental genes. Out of that process of cumulative selection emerges complexity and diversity. In economic evolution, our material economy proceeds through the production and selection of numerous permutations of countless products. Those 10 billion products in the Manhattan village represent only those variations that made it to market, after which there is a cumulative selection by consumers in the marketplace for those deemed most useful:VHS over Betamax, DVDs over VHS, CDs over vinyl records, flip phones over brick phones, computers over typewriters, Google over Altavista, SUVs over station wagons, paper books over e-books (still), and Internet news over network news (soon).Those that are purchased âsurviveâ and "reproduce" into the future through repetitive use and remanufacturing.
ããD As with living organisms and ecosystems, the economy looks designedâso just as humans naturally deduce the existence of a top-down intelligent designer, humans also (understandably) infer that a top-down government designer is needed in nearly every aspect of the economy. But just as living organisms are shaped from the bottom up by natural selection, the economy is molded from the bottom up by the invisible hand. The correspondence between evolution and economics is not perfect, because some top-down institutional rules and laws are needed to provide a structure within which free and fair trade can occur. But too much top-down interference into the marketplace makes trade neither free nor fair. When such attempts have been made in the past they have failedâbecause markets are far too complex, interactive and autocatalytic to be designed from the top down. In his 1922 book, Socialism, Ludwig Von Mises spelled out the reasons why, most notably the problem of âeconomic calculationâ in a planned socialist economy. In capitalism, prices are in constant and rapid flux and are determined from below by individuals freely exchanging in the marketplace. Money is a means of exchange, and prices are the information people use to guide their choices. Von Mises demonstrated that socialist economies depend on capitalist economies to determine what prices should be assigned to goods and services. And they do so cumbersomely and inefficiently. Relatively free markets are, ultimately, the only way to find out what buyers are willing to pay and what sellers are willing to accept.
ããE Economics helps to explain how Yanomam-like hunter-gatherers evolved into Manhattan-like consumer-traders. In the Nineteenth century French economist Frederic Bastiat well captured the principle: âWhere goods do not cross frontiers, armies will." In addition to being fierce warriors, the Yanomam are also sophisticated traders, and the more they trade the less they fight. The reason is that trade is a powerful social adhesive that creates political alliances. One village cannot go to another village and announce that they are worried about being conquered by a third, more powerful villageâthat would reveal weakness. Instead they mask the real motives for alliance through trade and reciprocal feasting. And, as a result, not only gain military protection but also initiate a system of trade thatâin the long runâleads to an increase in both wealth and SKUs.
ããF Free and fair trade occurs in societies where most individuals interact in ways that provide mutual benefit. The necessary rules weren't generated by wise men in a sacred temple, or lawmakers in congress, but rather evolved over generations and were widely accepted and practiced before the law was ever written. Laws that fail this test are ignored. If enforcement becomes too onerous, there is rebellion. Yet the concept that human interaction must, and can be controlled by a higher force is universal. Interestingly, there is no widespread agreement on who the "higher force" is. Religious people ascribe good behavior to god's law. They cannot conceive of an orderly society of atheists. Secular people credit the government. They consider anarchy to be synonymous with barbarity. Everyone seems to agree on the concept that orderly society requires an omnipotent force. Yet, everywhere there is evidence that this is not so. An important distinction between spontaneous social order and social anarchy is that the former is developed by work and investment, under the rule of law and with a set of evolved morals while the latter is chaos. The classical liberal tradition of von Mises and Hayek never makes the claim that the complete absence of top-down rules leads to the optimal social order. It simply says we should be skeptical about our ability to manage them in the name of social justice, equality, or progress.
ããQuestions 1-5
ããDo the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
ããIn boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet, write
ããTRUE if the statement is true
ããFALSE if the statement if false
ããNOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage
ããSKUs is a more precise measurement to demonstrate the economic level of a community.
ããNo concrete examples are presented when the author makes the statement concerning economic evolution.
ããEvolution and economics show a defective homolog.
ããMartial actions might be taken to cross the borders if trades do not work.
ããProfit is the invisible hand to guide the market.
ããQuestions 6-8
ããChoose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
ããWrite your answers in boxes 6-8 on your answer sheet.
ãã6 What ought to play a vital role in each field the economy?
ããA a strict rule
ããB a smart strategy
ããC a tightly managed authority
ããD a powerful legislation
ãã7-8 Which two of the following tools are used to pretend to ask for union according to one explanation from the perspective of economics
ããA an official announcement
ããB a diplomatic event
ããC the exchange of goods
ããD certain written correspondence
ããE some enjoyable treatment in a win-win situation
ããQuestions 9-13
ããSummary
ããComplete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using no more than three words from the Reading Passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet.
ããIn response to the search of reasons for the phenomenon shown by the huge difference in the income between two groups of people both dwelling near the rivers, several researchers made their effort and gave certain explanations. One attributes 9 to the interesting change claiming that it is not as simple as it seems to be in appearance that the relationship between 10 which is a good example of 11 , which involve in the interaction of separate factors for the processing of information as well as the behavioral adaptation to unstable conditions. As far as the biological transformation is concerned, both 12 and the blend of genes from the last generation bring about the difference. The economic counterpart shows how generating and choosing the 13 of innumerable goods moves forward the material-oriented economy.
ããæç« é¢ç®ï¼ç»æµè¿å论
ããç¯ç« ç»æ
ããä½è£ 论说æ
ããé¢ç® ç»æµè¿å论
ããç»æ A段ï¼Yanomamäººåæ¼å顿人å¨å¹´æ¶å ¥ååºååä½ä¸åå¨å·¨å¤§å·®å¼
ããB段ï¼ä»ç»å¤æéåºç³»ç»
ããC段ï¼ç©è´¨ç»æµéè¿äº§åç产å产å鿩宿è¿å
ããD段ï¼ç»æµç±ä¸èä¸è¿è¡éæ©
ããE段ï¼ç»æµè¿å论解éäºéçè å¦ä½è¿å为贸æè
ããF段ï¼è´¸æå¯ä»¥èªç±æ¼åï¼ä¹å¯ä»¥ç±æ´é«å鿥æ§å¶
ããè¯é¢åæ
ããQuestion 1-13
ããé¢ç®ç±»åï¼LIST OF HEADINGS
ããé¢å· å®ä½è¯ æä¸å¯¹åºç¹ é¢ç®è§£æ
ãã1 SKUs A段第ä¸å¥ A段æå°SKUs(åºååä½)ï¼åªæ¯å°Yanomamäººåæ¼å顿人å¨å¹´æ¶å ¥ååºååä½ä¸çå·®å¼åäºä¸ä¸ªæ¯è¾ï¼å¹¶æªè¯´æSKUsæ¯å¦è½å¤è¡¡éç»æµå屿°´å¹³ã
ããå æ¤ï¼æ¬é¢çæ¡ä¸º NOT GIVENã
ãã2 Economic evolution C段第ä¸å¥ C段第ä¸å¥éè¿°äºä½è 对äºç»æµè¿å论çè§ç¹ä¹åï¼æ¥ä¸æ¥çå 容齿¯ä¸¾ä¾ï¼ä¾å¦ï¼VHSãDVDsãCDsãcomputerççã
ããå æ¤ï¼æ¬é¢çæ¡ä¸ºFALSE.
ãã3 Economics, evolution B段第ä¸å¥ B段第ä¸å¥æå°economicsåevolutionä¹é´çå ³ç³»æ¯analogous to each otherï¼å³ä¸¤è ä¹é´æ¯ç±»æ¯çãç¸ä¼¼çï¼å说æäºè æç¸åçç¼ºé·æè ä¼ç¹ã
ããå æ¤ï¼æ¬é¢çæ¡ä¸ºTRUEã
ãã4 Martial actions, trades ,borders E段第äºå¥ E段第äºå¥æç¡®æå°where goods do not cross frontiers, armies willãå ¶ä¸goodsãfrontiersãarmiesåå«å¯¹åºé¢ç®ä¸çtradesãbordersãmartial actionsã
ããå æ¤ï¼æ¬é¢çæ¡ä¸ºTRUEã
ãã5 Invisible hand, market D段第äºå¥ D段第äºå¥æå°ç»æµæ¯éè¿çä¸è§çæèªä¸èä¸è¿è¡éæ©çï¼æ¤å¤çç»æµæçå°±æ¯é¢ç®ä¸çmarketï¼åæåªæå°æâçä¸è§çæâå¨å¼å¯¼ç»æµï¼ä½æ¯å¹¶æ²¡æè¯´æâçä¸è§çæâæ¯æä»ä¹ã
ããå æ¤ï¼æ¬é¢çæ¡ä¸ºNOT GIVENã
ãã6 Each field the economy D段第ä¸å¥ D段第ä¸å¥ç第ä¸ä¸ªå°å奿å°ï¼humans also infer that a top-down government designer is needed in nearly every aspect of the economyï¼æ¤å¤çevery aspect of the economy对åºé¢å¹²ä¸ç each field the economyï¼æ è½å¨ç»æµåæ¹é¢é½èµ·å°ä½ç¨çæ¯a top-down government designerï¼å³ä¸ä¸ªç±ä¸èä¸ç²¾å¿è®¾è®¡çæ¿åºã
ããå æ¤ï¼æ¬é¢çæ¡ä¸ºCã
ãã7 Pretend, union E段第å å¥ E段第å 奿å°ï¼they mask the real motives for alliance through trade and reciprocal feastingï¼è¯¥å¥ä¸çmask对åºé¢å¹²çpretendï¼alliance对åºé¢å¹²çunionãåå¥è¯´ä»ä»¬æ©ççå®å¨æºå¯»æ±èçæ¯éè¿tradeåreciprocal feastingï¼å³è¿ä¸¤ç§å°±æ¯ç»ççæ¹å¼ãTrade对åºCé项çthe exchange of goods.
ããå æ¤ï¼æ¬é¢çæ¡ä¸ºCã
ãã8 Pretend, union E段第å å¥ E段第å 奿å°ï¼they mask the real motives for alliance through trade and reciprocal feastingï¼è¯¥å¥ä¸çmask对åºé¢å¹²çpretendï¼alliance对åºé¢å¹²çunionãåå¥è¯´ä»ä»¬æ©ççå®å¨æºå¯»æ±èçæ¯éè¿tradeåreciprocal feastingï¼å³è¿ä¸¤ç§å°±æ¯ç»ççæ¹å¼ãReciprocal feasting对åºEé项çsome enjoyable treatment in a win-win situationã
ããå æ¤ï¼æ¬é¢çæ¡ä¸ºEã
ãã9 Explanations B段第äºå¥ B段第äºå¥æåº the explanation is to be found in complexity theoryã
ããå æ¤ï¼æ¬é¢çæ¡ä¸ºcomplexity theoryã
ãã10 Relationship B段第ä¸å¥ B段第ä¸å¥æåºevolution and economics are not just analogous to each otherï¼æ¤å¤æå°è¿ååç»æµä¹é´ä¸ä» ä» åªæ¯ç±»æ¯å ³ç³»ï¼å¯¹åºçå°±æ¯relationshipã
ããå æ¤ï¼æ¬é¢çæ¡ä¸ºevolution and economicsã
ãã11 Example B段第ä¸å¥ B段第ä¸å¥æå°ï¼but they(evolution and economics) are actually two forms of a larger phenomenon called complex adaptive systemsã该å¥çformså³å¯¹åºexample.
ããå æ¤ï¼æ¬é¢çæ¡ä¸º complex adaptive systemsã
ãã12 Biological transformation, difference, blend of genes C段第ä¸å¥ C段第ä¸å¥æå°ï¼in biological evolution, nature selects from the variation produced by random genetic mutations and the mixing of parental genesã该å¥ä¸çbiological evolution对åºbiological transformationï¼variation对åºdifferenceï¼mixing of parental genes对åºblend of genesã
ããå æ¤ï¼æ¬é¢çæ¡ä¸ºrandom genetic mutationsã
ãã13 Generating and choosing C段第ä¸å¥ C段第ä¸å¥æå°ï¼our material economy proceeds through the production and selection of numerous permutations of countless productsã该å¥ä¸çproduction and selection对åºgenerating and choosingã
ããå æ¤ï¼æ¬é¢çæ¡ä¸ºpermutationsã
ããåèè¯æï¼
ããç»æµè¿å论
ããA çæ´»å¨å·´è¥¿åå§å çæè¾¹çç奥éè¯ºç§æ²³ççYanomam人ï¼ä»¥æç为çï¼ä»ä»¬çå¹³åå¹´æ¶å ¥å¤§çº¦ä¸ºæ¯äººæ¯å¹´90ç¾å ï¼èä½å¨çº½çº¦å·åæ°æ³½è¥¿å·è¾¹ççåå¾·éæ²³è¾¹çæ¼å顿人ï¼ä»äºçè´¸æè¡å½ï¼ä»ä»¬çå¹³åå¹´æ¶å ¥å¤§çº¦æ¯æ¯äººæ¯å¹´36000ç¾å ãç¶èï¼å¦æç¨åºååä½(SKUææ ï¼è¯¥æ°éçç±»åçé¶å®äº§åå¯ç¨)æ¥è¡¡éï¼è¿ç§400åçæå§æ§å·®å¼å°±æ¾å¾å¾®ä¸è¶³éäºãé¢è®¡å¨300å¹´å100亿年çYanomam为æ¼åé¡¿ï¼ä¸ä¸ªå·®ç3300ä¸å!
ããB è¿æ¯æä¹åçç?ç»æµå¦å®¶Eric D. Beinhockerå¨ä»çç¸å ³èä½ãè´¢å¯çèµ·æºã(åä½å¤§å¦åå¦é¢åºç社ï¼2006å¹´)ä¸å表äºè¥å¹²æç« ,认为å¯ä»¥ç¨å¤ææ§ç论æ¥è¿è¡è§£éãè¿ååç»æµä¹é´ä¸ä» ä» åªæ¯ç±»æ¯çå ³ç³»ï¼å®ä»¬å®é 䏿¯ä¸ç§æ´å®å¤§çç°è±¡ââ夿éåºç³»ç»ç两ç§å½¢å¼ï¼è¯¥ç³»ç»ä¸çç¬ç«å ç´ åé¨åäºç¸ä½ç¨ï¼ç¶åè¿è¡ä¿¡æ¯å¤ç以使å®ä»¬çè¡ä¸ºéåºååçæ¡ä»¶ãå ç«ç³»ç»ï¼çæç³»ç»ï¼è¯è¨ï¼æ³å¾åäºèç½é½æ¯å¤ææ§ç³»ç»åºç¨çä¾åã
ããC å¨çç©è¿åçè¿ç¨ä¸ï¼èªç¶éæ©äº§çäºéæºçåºå çªååç¶æ¯åºå çç»åæäº§ççååã夿æ§å夿 ·æ§å°±æ¯ä»è¿ç§ç´¯ç§¯æ§çéæ©è¿ç¨ä¸äº§ççãå¨ç»æµé«éåå±ï¼æä»¬çç©è´¨ç»æµæ¶çéè¿ä¸è®¡å ¶æ°ç产åç产åéæ©çæ æ°çç»å宿è¿åã卿¼åé¡¿æçåªäº100亿ç产åä» ä» ä»£è¡¨è½å¤è¿å ¥å¸åºçååé¨åï¼éä¹èæ¥çæ¯ä¸ä¸ªæ¶è´¹è å¨å¸åºä¸å¯¹å ¶æéè¦ç产åè¿è¡ç´¯ç§¯æ§éæ©çè¿ç¨ãVHS代æ¿äºBetamax, DVDå代äºVHS, CDå代äºå¡è¶å±çï¼ç¿»çå¼ç§»å¨ææºå代äºå¤§å¥å¤§ï¼çµèåä»£äºæåæºï¼è°·æå代äºè¿æ¯å ¬å¸ï¼è¿å¨åå¤åè½è½¦åä»£äºæ è¡æ¡¥è½¦ï¼çº¸è´¨ä¹¦å代äºçµå书ï¼ç½ç»æ°é»å¾å¿«å°ä¼å代æ°é»å¹¿æï¼è¿äºè¢«è´ä¹°çåååæ´»ä¸æ¥å¹¶ä¸éè¿éå¤ç使ç¨åç产å¾ä»¥âç¹æ®âã
ããD å°±åæ¯æ´»çææºä½åçæç³»ç»ï¼ç»æµçèµ·æ¥æ¯ç²¾å¿è®¾è®¡åºæ¥çââå°±åæ¯äººç±»èªç¶èç¶æ¯åºèªä¸ä¸ªä¸¥è°¨çæºæ §ç设计å¸ä¹æï¼å¯ä»¥çè§£çæ¯ï¼ä¸ä¸ªç»ç»ä¸¥å¯çæ¿åºå ä¹éè¦æ¶è¶³ç»æµçæ¹æ¹é¢é¢ã使¯ä¹æ£æ¯åæ´»çææºä½æ¯éè¿èªç¶éæ©èªä¸èä¸ç䏿 ·ï¼ç»æµä¹æ¯éè¿çä¸è§çæèªä¸èä¸è¿è¡éæ©çã è¿ååç»æµä¹é´çå¯¹åºæ§å¹¶ä¸æ¯å¤©è¡£æ ç¼çï¼å 为éè¦ä¸äºç»ç»ä¸¥å¯çæ³å忳徿¥ä¿éèªç±å ¬å¹³çè´¸æè½å¤å®ç°ã使¯å¤ªå¤çæ¿åºå¹²é¢è¿å ¥å¸åºä½¿å¾å¸åºæ¢ä¸è½å®ç°èªç±ä¹è°ä¸ä¸å ¬å¹³ï¼ä»¥åè¿è¡çè¿ç§å°è¯å°±å¤±è´¥äºï¼å 为å¸åºè¿æ¯ä» ä» æ¯ç»ç»ä¸¥å¯è¦å¤æå¾å¤ï¼åç§å ç´ ç¸äºä½ç¨ï¼èªå¨å¬åãå¨Ludwig von Mises1922å¹´æåç书ã社ä¼ä¸»ä¹ãä¸éè¿°äºåå ï¼å ¶ä¸æèåçè¦æ°å¨æè®¡åç社ä¼ä¸»ä¹ç»æµä¸çâç»æµæ ¸ç®âãå¨èµæ¬ä¸»ä¹ç¤¾ä¼ä¸ï¼ä»·æ ¼æ¯ä¸åä¹å¿«éæµå¨çï¼æ¯ç±å¸åºä¸èªç±ç个ä½äº¤æ¢å³å®çï¼ä»·æ ¼æ¯äººä»¬ç¨æ¥æå¯¼æ¶è´¹éæ©çä¿¡æ¯ãVon Misesæåºï¼ç¤¾ä¼ä¸»ä¹ç»æµä¾èµäºèµæ¬ä¸»ä¹ç»æµæ¥å³å®ä»·æ ¼å¦ä½å¨åååæå¡é´åé ã社ä¼ä¸»ä¹è¿ç§çä»·æ ¼å³å®æ¹å¼æ¯å¾ç´¯è´ 䏿²¡ææççãç¸å¯¹èªç±çå¸åºææ¯æç»å¯ä¸è½ç¥éæ¶è´¹è 叿è±å¤å°é±æ¥è´ä¹°åååæå¡ã
ããE ç»æµè¿å论æå©äºè§£éYanomam人ä½ä¸ºéçè æ¯æä¹è¿åæåæ¼åé¡¿æ¶è´¹è´¸æè çãåä¹ä¸çºªï¼æ³å½ç»æµå¦å®¶Frederic Bastiatå¾å¥½å°æ»ç»äºå ¶ä¸çåçï¼âå¨ååæ æ³è·¨è¶çå°æ¹ï¼åéä¼é¡¶ä¸å»ãâé¤äºæ¯å¼ºå£®çæå£«ï¼Yanomamäººä¹æ¯ç²¾æçå人ï¼å¹¶ä¸å½ä»ä»¬è¶å¤å°è¿è¡è´¸æï¼ä»ä»¬æè¦è¿è¡çäºæå°±è¶å°ãåå å¨äºè´¸ææ¯ä¸ä¸ªå¼ºæåç社ä¼ç²ååï¼ãä¸ä¸ªæåºçææ°ä¸è½ç´æ¥å°å¦ä¸ä¸ªæåºå®£å¸ä»ä»¬æ£å¨ééå¯è½è¢«ç¬¬ä¸ä¸ªæ´å 强大çæåºå¾æçæ¶æ¯ââè¿æ ·åªä¼å±ç¤ºåºèªå·±ç软弱ãç¸åï¼ä»ä»¬éè¿è´¸æåäºæ çæ´»å¨æ©çäºèªå·±çæ³è¦ç»çççæ£å¨æºãä»èä¸ä» å¾å°äºåäºä¿æ¤è¿æ¿åäºä¸ç§é¿æå¢å åæ¹è´¢å¯åSKU (åºååä½)çæºå¶ç产çã
ããF èªç±åå ¬å¹³çè´¸æåçå¨ç¤¾ä¼ä¸å¤§å¤æ°äººçæ¹å¼äº¤äºæä¾äºæ äºå©ãå¿ è¦çè§å䏿¯ç¥å£çåºå®ä¸çæºè ææ¯å½ä¼çç«æ³è å¶å®çï¼èæ¯å¨åææ³å¾åç»è¿å 代人æ¼åä»èè¢«å¹¿æ³æ¥åååä¸çãæ³å¾ï¼æ²¡è½éè¿è¿æ ·çæµè¯çæ³å¾å°è¢«å¿½ç¥ãå¦ææ§æ³è¿äºç¹éï¼å°±ä¼æäººåæãç¶èäººç±»å¿ é¡»äº¤äºè¿ä¸ªæ¦å¿µå¿ 须乿¯å¯ä»¥ç±ä¸ä¸ªæ´é«çå鿥æ§å¶æ¯éç¨çãæè¶£çæ¯ï¼äººä»¬æ²¡æå°± âæ´é«çåéâæ¯ä»ä¹å¾å°å¹¿æ³çå ±è¯ãå®æäººå£«è®¤ä¸ºæ¯éµå¾ªç¥ç徿³çè¯å¥½è¡ä¸ºãä»ä»¬ä¸è½æ³è±¡è¿æ ·ä¸ä¸ªæåºçç¤¾ä¼æ¯æ ç¥çãä¸ä¿æ®é人认为è¿ä¸ªå鿝æ¿åºãä»ä»¬è®¤ä¸ºæ æ¿åºç¶ææ¯éè®ç代åè¯ãææäººä¼¼ä¹é½åæè¿ä¸ªæ¦å¿µï¼æåºç社ä¼éè¦ä¸ä¸ªæ æä¸è½çåéãç¶èï¼å¤å¤æè¯æ®è¡¨æäºå®å¹¶é妿¤ãèªå社ä¼ç§©åºå社ä¼çæ æ¿åºç¶æçä¸ä¸ªéè¦çåºå«æ¯ï¼åè æ¯å¨å¾æ³åä¸å¥æ¼åè¿æ¥çéå¾·æ åä¹ä¸ç±å·¥ä½åæèµæ¼åèæ¥çï¼èåè æ¯æ··ä¹±ãå¤å ¸èªç±ä¸»ä¹ä¼ ç»çå¯ç±³å¡æ¯ååè¶å 仿ªå£°ç§°å®å ¨ç¼ºä¹èªä¸èä¸çè§åä¼å¯¼è´æä¼ç¤¾ä¼ç§©åºï¼å®åªæ¯è¯´æä»¬åºè¯¥æçæä»¬ä»¥ç¤¾ä¼æ£ä¹ï¼å ¬å¹³æè¿æ¥çåä¹ç®¡çä»ä»¬çè½åã
ããåèçæ¡ï¼
ããVersion 19110 ä¸»é¢ ç»æµè¿å论
ãã1 NOT GIVEN 2 FALSE 3 TRUE 4 TRUE 5 NOT GIVEN 6 C 7 C 8 E 9 complexity theory
ãã10 evolution and economics 11 complex adaptive systems 12 random genetic mutations 13 permutations
å³å°èé æçä½ ï¼ä»¥ä¸åå¤§å± é¸è´å½ä¼¤ä½ ä¸äºå æ¡ï¼
å¬åå¬ä¸æï¼å£è¯è¯´ä¸åºï¼
é 读éä¸å¯¹ï¼åä½ä¸ç¬é¾ï¼
å ¶å®ï¼è§£å³ææç龿çï¼ä½ åªéè¦è¿ä¸è¯¾
æ°ä¸æ¹åå¸ä¸ä½ åè¡ï¼å± é¸è·¯ä¸éªä½ å°ç½ç§å大ç¥~
éç¨äººç¾¤ï¼æ³è¦3-6个æå²åº7åçä½ ï¼6.5åä¹éç¨å¦~ï¼
æ³å¾æ¥ç详æ ââââ
å è´¹ä½éªå ¥å£ï¼ãç¥å¿é æãæè°VIPç´è¾¾7åçï¼å è´¹ä½éªï¼
ããæ´å¤ç²¾å½©ï¼ 2019å¹´é æèè¯æ¥åå ¥å£ | 2019å¹´é æèè¯æ¶é´è¡¨ | 2019å¹´é æèè¯åºåæ¶é´è¡¨ | 2019å¹´é ææºç»åè§£ææ±æ»
æ¬æå ³é®å: é æé 读 é ææ¨¡æé¢
é æå¤§æ¾ä»·ï¼å¨å®¶è½»æ¾å¦ã
æ´»å¨æ¶é´ï¼2æ6æ¥-15æ¥
æ¥ç详æéå人群ï¼ä¸ç¥éå¦ä½é«æå¤èï¼æ³è¦å¨çæèå°7å7以ä¸çèçã
课æ¶ï¼12
æ¥ç详æéå人群ï¼ä¸ºèåè¯æ¯ç¥èæçï¼åæ¥éæé«è¯æ±éã
课æ¶ï¼20
æ¥ç详æéåäººç¾¤ï¼æ³è¦å²7åçèç
课æ¶ï¼230
æ¥ç详æéåäººç¾¤ï¼æ³è¦å²åº6.5åçèç
课æ¶ï¼323
æ¥ç详æèµæä¸è½½
é æå£è¯æ ¸å¿è¯æ±ç»ä¹ 300个
å叿¶é´ï¼2019-11-15å ³æ³¨æ°ä¸æ¹å¨çº¿èé 课ç¨ä¸å¿æå¡å·
åå¤ãGå£è¯ãè·å
é æå¬è¯´è¯»åå ¨ç§å¤è大礼å ãè¿é¶ç¯ã
å叿¶é´ï¼2019-10-24å ³æ³¨æ°ä¸æ¹å¨çº¿èé 课ç¨ä¸å¿æå¡å·
åå¤ãG礼å ãè·å
2020å¹´é æå£è¯æ°é¢é¢åºä¸è§£æPDFçæ¬
å叿¶é´ï¼2019-10-24å ³æ³¨æ°ä¸æ¹å¨çº¿èé 课ç¨ä¸å¿æå¡å·
åå¤ãGé¢åºãè·å
é æåä½ç»å ¸èæ&å¿ å¤è§ç¹è¯æ±æ»
å叿¶é´ï¼2019-10-24å ³æ³¨æ°ä¸æ¹å¨çº¿èé 课ç¨ä¸å¿æå¡å·
åå¤ãGåä½ãè·å
é æé 读èç¹åç±»è¯æ±ã84页ã宿´ç
å叿¶é´ï¼2019-10-24å ³æ³¨æ°ä¸æ¹å¨çº¿èé 课ç¨ä¸å¿æå¡å·
åå¤ãGé 读ãè·å
é æå¬åBBCæ°é»å¬åé³é¢100ç¯
å叿¶é´ï¼2019-10-24å ³æ³¨æ°ä¸æ¹å¨çº¿èé 课ç¨ä¸å¿æå¡å·
åå¤ãGå¬åãè·å
é æå£è¯èè¯ç颿¨¡æ¿èè¯µï¼æ°ä¸æ¹çï¼
å叿¶é´ï¼2019-10-24å ³æ³¨æ°ä¸æ¹å¨çº¿èé 课ç¨ä¸å¿æå¡å·
åå¤ãGå£è¯ãè·å
å
³æ³¨æ°ä¸æ¹å¨çº¿èé
课ç¨ä¸å¿ï¼
åå¤ãå£è¯ãè·åé
æå£è¯èµæå¤§ç¤¼å
æ¨èé
读
æ°ä¸æ¹å¨çº¿é æç½ç¹ä¸ºå¤§å®¶åå¤äºé æé 读模æé¢ï¼Hormones in the Bodyãé ææ¨¡æè¯é¢å¨é æå¤èè¿ç¨ä¸æèµ·çä½ç¨ä¸å¯å°è§ï¼éè¿æ¨¡æç»ä¹ é¢ï¼æä»¬å¯ä»¥å¾ç´æ¥å°äºè§£å°èªå·±çå¤èç¶åµï¼ä»èå¯ä»¥æ´æé对æ§å°è¿è¡ä¹åçå¤ä¹ ã叿以ä¸å 容è½å¤å¯¹å¤§å®¶çé æå¤èææå¸®å©!æ´å¤é ææ¥åå®ç½çææ°æ¶æ¯ï¼ææ°ãæä¸ä¸çé æå¤èèµæï¼æ°ä¸æ¹å¨çº¿é æç½å°ç¬¬ä¸æ¶é´ä¸ºå¤§å®¶åå¸ã
æ¥æº : ç½ç» 2017-05-28 10:42:00 å ³é®å : é æé 读 é ææ¨¡æé¢
æ°ä¸æ¹å¨çº¿é æç½ç¹ä¸ºå¤§å®¶åå¤äºé æé 读模æé¢ï¼THE GAP of INGENUITY 2ãé ææ¨¡æè¯é¢å¨é æå¤èè¿ç¨ä¸æèµ·çä½ç¨ä¸å¯å°è§ï¼éè¿æ¨¡æç»ä¹ é¢ï¼æä»¬å¯ä»¥å¾ç´æ¥å°äºè§£å°èªå·±çå¤èç¶åµï¼ä»èå¯ä»¥æ´æé对æ§å°è¿è¡ä¹åçå¤ä¹ ã叿以ä¸å 容è½å¤å¯¹å¤§å®¶çé æå¤èææå¸®å©!æ´å¤é ææ¥åå®ç½çææ°æ¶æ¯ï¼ææ°ãæä¸ä¸çé æå¤èèµæï¼æ°ä¸æ¹å¨çº¿é æç½å°ç¬¬ä¸æ¶é´ä¸ºå¤§å®¶åå¸ã
æ¥æº : ç½ç» 2017-05-28 10:40:00 å ³é®å : é æé 读 é ææ¨¡æé¢
æ°ä¸æ¹å¨çº¿é æç½ç¹ä¸ºå¤§å®¶åå¤äºé æé 读模æé¢ï¼Lighting Up The Liesãé ææ¨¡æè¯é¢å¨é æå¤èè¿ç¨ä¸æèµ·çä½ç¨ä¸å¯å°è§ï¼éè¿æ¨¡æç»ä¹ é¢ï¼æä»¬å¯ä»¥å¾ç´æ¥å°äºè§£å°èªå·±çå¤èç¶åµï¼ä»èå¯ä»¥æ´æé对æ§å°è¿è¡ä¹åçå¤ä¹ ã叿以ä¸å 容è½å¤å¯¹å¤§å®¶çé æå¤èææå¸®å©!æ´å¤é ææ¥åå®ç½çææ°æ¶æ¯ï¼ææ°ãæä¸ä¸çé æå¤èèµæï¼æ°ä¸æ¹å¨çº¿é æç½å°ç¬¬ä¸æ¶é´ä¸ºå¤§å®¶åå¸ã
æ¥æº : ç½ç» 2017-05-29 10:38:00 å ³é®å : é æé 读 é ææ¨¡æé¢
æ°ä¸æ¹å¨çº¿é æç½ç¹ä¸ºå¤§å®¶åå¤äºé æé 读模æé¢ï¼New Ways of Teaching Historyãé ææ¨¡æè¯é¢å¨é æå¤èè¿ç¨ä¸æèµ·çä½ç¨ä¸å¯å°è§ï¼éè¿æ¨¡æç»ä¹ é¢ï¼æä»¬å¯ä»¥å¾ç´æ¥å°äºè§£å°èªå·±çå¤èç¶åµï¼ä»èå¯ä»¥æ´æé对æ§å°è¿è¡ä¹åçå¤ä¹ ã叿以ä¸å 容è½å¤å¯¹å¤§å®¶çé æå¤èææå¸®å©!æ´å¤é ææ¥åå®ç½çææ°æ¶æ¯ï¼ææ°ãæä¸ä¸çé æå¤èèµæï¼æ°ä¸æ¹å¨çº¿é æç½å°ç¬¬ä¸æ¶é´ä¸ºå¤§å®¶åå¸ã
æ¥æº : ç½ç» 2017-05-29 10:37:00 å ³é®å : é æé 读 é ææ¨¡æé¢
æ°ä¸æ¹å¨çº¿é æç½ç¹ä¸ºå¤§å®¶åå¤äºé æé 读模æé¢ï¼Compliance or Noncompliance for Childrenãé ææ¨¡æè¯é¢å¨é æå¤èè¿ç¨ä¸æèµ·çä½ç¨ä¸å¯å°è§ï¼éè¿æ¨¡æç»ä¹ é¢ï¼æä»¬å¯ä»¥å¾ç´æ¥å°äºè§£å°èªå·±çå¤èç¶åµï¼ä»èå¯ä»¥æ´æé对æ§å°è¿è¡ä¹åçå¤ä¹ ã叿以ä¸å 容è½å¤å¯¹å¤§å®¶çé æå¤èææå¸®å©!æ´å¤é ææ¥åå®ç½çææ°æ¶æ¯ï¼ææ°ãæä¸ä¸çé æå¤èèµæï¼æ°ä¸æ¹å¨çº¿é æç½å°ç¬¬ä¸æ¶é´ä¸ºå¤§å®¶åå¸ã
æ¥æº : ç½ç» 2017-05-30 10:34:00 å ³é®å : é æé 读 é ææ¨¡æé¢
å
¬å¼è¯¾
æ°ä¸æ¹é æ2æå ¬ç课ï¼ç¬¬ä¸æï¼
æ°ä¸æ¹åå¸ç´ææä½ è§£é¢æè½ï¼å©ä½ å¤æé æï¼
ä»·æ ¼ : ï¿¥1å
éæ¥äººæ°ï¼40000人
èµæä¸è½½
å ³æ³¨æ°ä¸æ¹å¨çº¿èé 课ç¨ä¸å¿æå¡å·
åå¤ãGå£è¯ãè·å
å ³æ³¨æ°ä¸æ¹å¨çº¿èé 课ç¨ä¸å¿æå¡å·
åå¤ãG礼å ãè·å
å ³æ³¨æ°ä¸æ¹å¨çº¿èé 课ç¨ä¸å¿æå¡å·
åå¤ãGé¢åºãè·å
å ³æ³¨æ°ä¸æ¹å¨çº¿èé 课ç¨ä¸å¿æå¡å·
åå¤ãGåä½ãè·å
å ³æ³¨æ°ä¸æ¹å¨çº¿èé 课ç¨ä¸å¿æå¡å·
åå¤ãGé 读ãè·å
å ³æ³¨æ°ä¸æ¹å¨çº¿èé 课ç¨ä¸å¿æå¡å·
åå¤ãGå¬åãè·å
å ³æ³¨æ°ä¸æ¹å¨çº¿èé 课ç¨ä¸å¿æå¡å·
åå¤ãGå£è¯ãè·å
é
读æè¡æ¦
ç¸å
³å
容
ç½åçæ